CNC machining is a metal fabrication method where written code controls the machinery in the manufacturing process. The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control.
Contemporary CNC machines are fully automated, eliminating the need for a manual operator to directly control the CNC machine. The code determines everything from the movement of the cutting head and the part to spindle speed and RPMs. All they need is digital files with instructions about cutting trajectories and tooling.
The part’s shape and mechanical properties are defined in a CAD file. This information is then turned into manufacturing directives for CAM (computer aided manufacturing) software. Lastly, it is transformed into specific commands for a particular machine and loaded onto the CNC machine.
Although the majority of machining processes in the manufacturing industry are controlled by computers, then in a traditional sense CNC machining refers to only a few of these automated processes, namely milling, turning and drilling.
CNC machining is a subtractive manufacturing method. This means that material gets removed during the production process, making it the opposite of additive manufacturing, e.g. 3D printing.
The benefits of CNC machines include great positioning accuracy and high repeatability, so you get consistent results every time. CNC machining is suitable for both rapid prototyping and high-volume serial production.
To learn more about CNC machining you can find additional CNC machining resources from our engineering blog.